@Article{BritoVCMCCLM:2023:MuEnSt,
               author = "Brito, A. L. and Veiga, J. A. P. and Correia, F. S. and Michiles, 
                         A. A. and Capistrano, V. B. and Chou, Sin Chan and Lyra, 
                         Andr{\'e} de Arruda and Medeiros, Gustavo Sueiro",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and 
                         {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)} and {Universidade do 
                         Estado do Amazonas (UEA)} and {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas 
                         (UEA)} and {Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Impacts of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and 
                         deforestation on extreme rainfall events in the Amazon basin: A 
                         multi-model ensemble-based study",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "43",
               number = "12",
                pages = "5512--5535",
                month = "Oct.",
             keywords = "Amazon deforestation, climate change, climate indices, Eta model, 
                         multi-models ensemble.",
             abstract = "The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 
                         increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and total deforestation of the 
                         Amazon on extreme rainfall events in the Amazon basin. In order to 
                         quantify these impacts, numerical experiments were performed with 
                         the Eta regional climate model forced from initial and boundary 
                         conditions from the BESM, HadGEM2-ES, and MIROC5 earth system 
                         models. In the experiment related to the increase in GHGs, 
                         numerical simulations were performed according to the IPCC RCP8.5 
                         scenario. The effect of deforestation was quantified via an 
                         experiment in which the forest in the Amazon basin was replaced by 
                         areas of degraded pasture in the Eta model. For the analyses of 
                         the changes in extreme rainfall events, the multi-model ensemble 
                         technique was used. The results were evaluated in terms of 
                         anomalies relative to the sensitivity and control experiments. In 
                         the results, it was observed that in an RCP8.5-type GHG emission 
                         scenario there is a statistically significant increase in the 
                         maximum number of consecutive days without rain, a reduction in 
                         the maximum number of consecutive rainy days, reduction in total 
                         annual precipitation, and reduction in maximum annual 
                         precipitation accumulated over one and 5 days, respectively. The 
                         results for the scenario with increased GHGs and large-scale 
                         deforestation in the Amazon basin are similar to the RCP8.5 
                         scenario, but the intensity of changes in climate indices is 
                         significantly greater. It was also verified that the changes in 
                         the climatic indices are strongly associated with alterations in 
                         the energy balances at the surface and, consequently, in the 
                         large-scale circulation. In general, it can be highlighted that 
                         the climate in the Amazon region is strongly dependent on the 
                         presence of the forest.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.8158",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.8158",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Intl Journal of Climatology - 2023 - Brito - Impacts of increasing 
                         greenhouse gas concentrations and deforestation on.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "02 maio 2024"
}